Nihonjin シワクマル Sivakumar's Blog: November 2011

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DVD's Regional Coding

DVD's are encoded for six different regions around the world. Hollywood's film studios have been alarmed when DVD started to take off. An encoding principle was introduced, to prevent discs of the latest movies being played in countries where the particular movies have not been brought out at this time. A digital flag on the disc tells the DVD player where the DVD comes from. The DVD player should play only the permitted DVDs for the region where the DVD player was bought.
This priciple is not acceptable for professional and AV installations and a lot of interregional players are available already.

Region 0:	Plays on any DVD player
Region 1:	USA
Region 2:	Europe and Japan
Region 3:	Asian Pacific
Region 4:	Australia, New Zealand and Latin America
Region 5:	Africa, Russia and Eastern Europe
Region 6:	China and Hong Kong
Region 7:	Reserved for broadcasting
Region 8:	Special international venues (airplanes, cruise ships, etc.)

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Television Standards by Country

COUNTRY	SIGNAL TYPE
AFGHANISTAN	PAL B, SECAM B
ALBANIA	PAL B/G
ALGERIA	PAL B/G
ANGOLA	PAL I
ANTARCTICA	NTSC M
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA	NTSC M
ARGENTINA	PAL N
ARMENIA	SECAM D/K
ARUBA	NTSC M
AUSTRALIA	PAL B/G
AUSTRIA	PAL B/G
AZERBAIJAN	SECAM D/K
AZORES	PAL B
BAHAMAS	NTSC M
BAHRAIN	PAL B/G
BANGLADESH	PAL B
BARBADOS	NTSC M
BELARUS	SECAM D/K
BELGIUM	PAL B/H
BELGIUM (ARMED FORCES NETWORK)	NTSC M
BELIZE	NTSC M
BENIN	SECAM K
BERMUDA	NTSC M
BOLIVIA	NTSC M
BOSNIA/HERZEGOVINA	PAL B/H
BOTSWANA	SECAM K, PAL I
BRAZIL	PAL M
BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY (AF DIEGO GARCIA TV - AFRTS)	NTSC M
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM	PAL B
BULGARIA	PAL
BURKINA FASO	SECAM K
BURUNDI	SECAM K
CAMBODIA	PAL B/G, NTSC M
CAMEROON	PAL B/G
CANADA	NTSC M
CANARY ISLANDS	PAL B/G
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC	SECAM K
CHAD	SECAM D
CHILE	NTSC M
CHINA (PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC)	PAL D
COLOMBIA	NTSC M
CONGO (PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC)	SECAM K
CONGO, DEM. REP. (ZAIRE)	SECAM K
COOK ISLANDS	PAL B
COSTA RICA	NTSC M
COTE D'IVOIRE (IVORY COAST)	SECAM K/D
CROATIA	PAL B/H
CUBA	NTSC M
CYPRUS	PAL B/G
CZECH REPUBLIC	PAL B/G (cable), PAL D/K (broadcast)
DENMARK	PAL B/G
DIEGO GARCIA	NTSC M
DJIBOUTI	SECAM K
DOMINICA	NTSC M
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC	NTSC M
EAST TIMOR	PAL B
EASTER ISLAND	PAL B
ECUADOR	NTSC M
EGYPT	PAL B/G, SECAM B/G
EL SALVADOR	NTSC M
EQUITORIAL GUINEA	SECAM B
ESTONIA	PAL B/G
ETHIOPIA	PAL B
FALKLAND ISLANDS (LAS MALVINAS)	PAL I
FIJI	NTSC M
FINLAND	PAL B/G
FRANCE	SECAM L
FRANCE (FRENCH FORCES TV)	SECAM G
GABON	SECAM K
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS	NTSC M
GAMBIA	PAL B
GEORGIA	SECAM D/K
GERMANY	PAL B/G
GERMANY (ARMED FORCES TV GERMANY)	NTSC M
GHANA	PAL B/G
GIBRALTAR	PAL B/G
GREECE	PAL B/G
GREENLAND	PAL B
GRENADA	NTSC M
GUAM	NTSC M
GUADELOUPE	SECAM K
GUATEMALA	NTSC M
GUIANA (FRENCH)	SECAM K
GUINEA	PAL K
GUYANA	NTSC M
HAITI	SECAM
HONDURAS	NTSC M
HONG KONG	PAL I
HUNGARY	PAL K/K
ICELAND	PAL B/G
INDIA	PAL B
INDONESIA	PAL B
IRAN	SECAM B/G
IRAQ	PAL
IRELAND, REPUBLIC OF	PAL I
ISLE OF MAN	PAL
ISRAEL	PAL B/G
ITALY	PAL B/G
JAMAICA	NTSC M
JAPAN	NTSC M
JOHNSTONE ISLAND	NTSC M
JORDAN	PAL B/G
KAZAKHSTAN	SECAM D/K
KENYA	PAL B/G
KOREA (NORTH)	SECAM D, PAL D/K
KOREA (SOUTH)	NTSC M
KUWAIT	PAL B/G
KYRGYZ REPUBLIC	SECAM D/K
LAOS	PAL B
LATVIA	PAL B/G, SECAM D/K
LEBANON	PAL B/G
LESOTHO	PAL K
LIBERIA	PAL B/H
LIBYA	PAL B/G
LIECHTENSTEIN	PAL B/G
LITHUANIA	PAL B/G, SECAM D/K
LUXEMBOURG	PAL B/G, SECAM L
MACAU	PAL I
MACEDONIA	PAL B/H
MADAGASCAR	SECAM K
MADEIRA	PAL B
MALAYSIA	PAL B
MALDIVES	PAL B
MALI	SECAM K
MALTA	PAL B
MARSHALL ISLANDS	NTSC M
MARTINIQUE	SECAM K
MAURITANIA	SECAM B
MAURITIUS	SECAM B
MAYOTTE	SECAM K
MEXICO	NTSC M
MICRONESIA	NTSC M
MIDWAY ISLAND	NTSC M
MOLDOVA (MOLDAVIA)	SECAM D/K
MONACO	SECAM L, PAL G
MONGOLIA	SECAM D
MONTSERRAT	NTSC M
MOROCCO	SECAM B
MOZAMBIQUE	PAL B
MYANMAR (BURMA)	NTSC M
NAMIBIA	PAL I
NEPAL	B
NETHERLANDS	PAL B/G
NETHERLANDS (ARMED FORCES NETWORK)	NTSC M
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES	NTSC M
NEW CALEDONIA	SECAM K
NEW ZEALAND	PAL B/G
NICARAGUA	NTSC M
NIGER	SECAM K
NIGERIA	PAL B/G
NORFOLK ISLAND	PAL B
NORTH MARIANA ISLANDS	NTSC M
NORWAY	PAL B/G
OMAN	PAL B/G
PAKISTAN	PAL B
PALAU	NTSC M
PANAMA	NTSC M
PAPUA NEW GUINEA	PAL B/G
PARAGUAY	PAL N
PERU	NTSC M
PHILIPPINES	NTSC M
POLAND	PAL D/K
POLYNESIA (FRENCH)	SECAM K
PORTUGAL	PAL B/G
PUERTO RICO	NTSC M
QATAR	PAL B
REUNION	SECAM K
ROMANIA	PAL D/G
RUSSIA	SECAM D/K
ST. KITTS & NEVIS	NTSC M
ST. LUCIA	NTSC M
ST. PIERRE ET MIQUELON	SECAM K
ST. VINCENT	NTSC M
SAO TOMÉ E PRINCIPE	PAL B/G
SAMOA,	AMERICAN NTSC
SAUDI ARABIA	SECAM B/G, PAL B
SAMOA	NTSC M
SENEGAL	SECAM K
SEYCHELLES	PAL B/G
SIERRA LEONE	PAL B/G
SINGAPORE	PAL B/G
SLOVAKIA	PAL B/G
SLOVENIA	PAL B/H
SOMALIA	PAL B/G
SOUTH AFRICA	PAL I
SPAIN	PAL B/G
SRI LANKA	PAL
SUDAN	PAL B
SURINAME	NTSC M
SWAZILAND	PAL B/G
SWEDEN	PAL B/G
SWITZERLAND	PAL B/G
SYRIA	SECAM B, PAL G
TAHITI	SECAM
TAIWAN	NTSC
TAJIKISTAN	SECAM D/K
TANZANIA	PAL B
THAILAND	PAL B/M
TOGO	SECAM K
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO	NTSC M
TUNISIA	SECAM B/G
TURKEY	PAL B
TURKMENISTAN	SECAM D/K
TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS	NTSC M
UGANDA	PAL B/G
UKRAINE	SECAM D/K
URUGUAY	PAL N
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES	PAL B/G
UNITED STATES	NTSC M
UNITED KINGDOM	PAL I
UZBEKISTAN	SECAM D/K
VENEZUELA	NTSC M
VIETNAM	NTSC M,SECAM D
VIRGIN ISLANDS (US & BRITISH)	NTSC M
WALLIS & FUTUNA	SECAM K
YEMEN	PAL B/NTSC M
YUGOSLAVIA	PAL B/G
ZAMBIA	PAL B/G
ZIMBABWE	PAL B/G

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S-Video / S-VHS 4-pin Din Plug Wiring Diagram

For Wiring a Scart for SVHS - see Scart Connector Pin Tables All connectors are available from www.lektropacks.co.uk

S-Video Connection Pinout
PIN	DESCRIPTION		Impedance	Level
1	GND	Ground (Y)	.	.
2	GND	Ground ©	.	.
3	Y	Intensity (Luminance)	75 Ohms	1V incl. Sync.
4	C	Color (Chrominance)	75 Ohms	0.3V Burst

View to the solder side of the male connector

S-Video Cable for Scart S-Video Input
S-Video Out TV	Scart (Input)
Luminance Out (Y)	20	Luminance In
Chrominance Out (C)	15	Chrominance In
GND	4+17	GND
Audio Out L	2	Audio In L
Audio Out R	6	Audio In R

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Understanding Resolutions, Pixels & Scan Rates

Resolutions Resolution means the number of pixels (dots), which are points of colour that a display monitor contains. This is expressed in the; number of pixels there are on the width, and the number of pixels on the height, of the display screen.

i.e. 640 x 480 = 680 dots across the screen and 480 dots down the screen.

Different resolutions are: i.e. VGA, SVGA, XGA, SXGA & UXGA

The following table summarizes the categories of screen resolution, as discussed above:

Width x Height (pixels)	Video Display Category
640 x 480	VGA
800 X 600	SVGA
1024 X 768	XGA
1280 X 1024	SXGA
1600 X 1200	UXGA

For DVI/HDTV formats see DVI & HDTV Formats.

What are Pixels?

The pixel is the basic unit of programmable colour on a computer display or image. The physical size of the pixel depends on how the resolution on the display screen has been set. Modern technology has given us the Plasma, LCD & Projector that can now offer a variety of screen settings (resolutions); and screen sharpness is often expressed as dpi (dots (pixels) per inch). Both the screen size and the resolution setting of the screen determine dots per inch - i.e. an image/picture will have a lower resolution (fewer dots per inch) on a large screen because the dots have to spread themselves out over a physical larger area.

Scan Rates

Scan rates are the determined speed of which the screen can redraw a single image it is also referred to as the Refresh Rate. The faster the scan rate (refresh rate) the quicker the re-draw thus less motion artefacts on fast moving action scenes.
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Speaker Cables

Hi-Fi purists make a lot of noise about speaker cables, sometimes spending several hundreds of pounds on a metre of specialist cable. However, the main function of speaker cable is to provide a low-resistance path between the amplifier and the loudspeaker, so thin bell wire is obviously a bad idea – not only will thin wire take some of your amplifiers power and turn it into heat, it will markedly reduce the damping factor of the amplifier.
Without getting too technical, the damping factor of an amplifier is its ability to sink the current being produced when a loudspeaker overshoots its position and starts to function as a generator rather than a motor; thus the amplifier damps the speaker movement, keeping it under control – producing a tighter more accurate bass end.
The most pragmatic approach is to use the shortest speaker leads you can, make sure they are both the same length, and choose heavier cable.
The simple matter about speaker cables is that by far the most important element is the cables resistance. Resistance is not everything, capacitance, inductance and other poindexter-type wire qualities do play their role, but none of them matter until the resistance is bought under control. Generally, you should think in terms of the resistance as being about 75% of any speaker cables performance.
To simplify, resistance can be thought of as the size of a pipe in a plumbing system. The bigger the pipe, the more water it can pass and the lower the resistance. The smaller the pipe, the less water it can pass and thus higher resistance. Resistance is a function not only of size but length too – therefore the longer your cable the more resistance it will have. The moral of this story is, the lower resistance a speaker cable has, the more signal it will allow to pass through.
The basic way to lower the resistance is to increase the amount (gauge) of wire used. Wire is typically measured in gauge, i.e. number of strands inside the cable.
We would recommend nothing less than a 42 strand, 79 strands being the most popular but gauges up to 252 strands are available.
Speaker cable is a minefield of conflicting information; many manufacturers claiming all manner of results, which cannot be electrically tested (very convenient), only when listening will one be able to experience the difference (obviously with the help of the placebo effect and an over zealous salesman).

Bi-Wire

At this point we fell we should mention bi-wiring, this is a system which uses a separate low and high frequency speaker signal being sent from a bi-wired amplifier to a pair of bi-wired speakers.
The principle being that your speaker has at least two drivers, a bass driver and a treble driver (tweeter) – speakers with this b-wire input are designed to accept separate low frequency (bass) and high frequency (treble) signals from your amplifier. Thus allowing each separate driver in the speaker to only receive the frequencies that it intends to output, i.e. your bass driver is only sent the bass sounds of any music playing and thus the bass driver does not try to reproduce the treble frequencies and can therefore produces a tighter, crisper and timely bass with the reverse being true for the treble.

So how can we summarise Speaker Cables?

Speaker cable cannot make your system any better – only reduce the amount of loss.
Shorter cable lengths where possible – the longer the cable the more signal loss.
Longer lengths double the gauge of cable. (i.e. short runs being made in a 79 strand, therefore for the longer runs double the gauge and use an 168 strand.)
If you have an amplifier and speakers that accept bi-wire – USE IT.
The best speaker cables – do not have any; use amplified speakers (of course you can then have pre-amp issues).

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Thanks to :
http://www.theavguide.co.uk/view_page.php?cat=10&&page=40

An Introduction to VGA

VGA was introduced in 1987 and is abbreviated for “Video Graphics Array” this system was introduced as an interface between a computer and its corresponding monitor. Since its introduction several other standards have been introduced offering greater resolutions; i.e. SVGA, XGA SXGA & UXGA.
For an understanding of these resolutions and corresponding pixels and scan rates - see Understanding Resolutions, Pixels & Scan Rates.
As The AV Guide is an “Easy Guide for the Home User” we do not wish to go into depth on the subject of VGA – only where it is applicable to Plasma’s, LCD’s and Projectors.

It is important to understand that all Plasma Screens, LCD’s and Projectors were actually designed to receive computer images and they are therefore basically computer monitors. The first Plasma’s, only used to offer a 15pin D-Sub (VGA) input for a VGA - RGBHV signal only.

Due to the fast technology advancement, these display devices were quickly introduced into the Home Theatre Market. Today most Plasma Screens, LCD’s and Projectors offer standard A/V connections which means that they have a built in scaler that converts from the standard AV signal to a higher grade signal; although the quality of these scalers differ vastly.
See page on Understanding Scalers.
Please Note: there is common misunderstanding of the term VGA – VGA is a RGBHV type video signal that is sent from a PC to any monitor and is strictly speaking not a connector type.

The actual connector is called a 15pin D-Sub

VGA is carried via a 15pin D-Sub Connector.

i.e.

The common Scart can carry composite, S-Video & RGB providing the scart sockets on both the sending & receiving devices have been wired for either S-Video / RGB or both. Likewise; the 15pin D-Sub Connector is the same in context – it can carry the standard VGA- RGBHV video signal plus RGBS, RGB sync on green and Component Video (Y/Pb/PR) providing the 15pin D-sub connector sockets have been wired for the purpose.
REMEMBER - all signals delivered via a 15pin D-Sub (VGA) connector will be analogue only.

15-pin D-Sub (VGA) Connector Pinout

1. Red out	6. Red return	11. Monitor ID 0 in
2. Green out	7. Green return (ground)	12. Monitor ID 1 in or data from display
3. Blue out	8. Blue return (ground)	13. Horizontal Sync out
4. Unused	9.	14. Vertical sync
5. Ground	10. Sync return (ground)	15. Monitor ID 3 in or data clock

From the chart above, the 15pin D-Sub Connector has three separate connectors for the red, green and blue colour signals, and two connectors for the horizontal and vertical sync signals. In a normal standard AV analogue signal – the three colours can be wired together outputting a composite video signal or the colours separated as above but the two Horizontal & Vertical Syncs wired together giving you an RGB signal via scart. The separation of the signals is one reason why a computer monitor can have so many more pixels than a TV set.

Thanks to:
http://www.theavguide.co.uk/view_page.php?cat=8&&page=25#

Nihonjin シワクマル Sivakumar's Blog

Tuesday, November 29, 2011

Pinouts - Samsung cell phones cable connector pinout

DVDs Regional coding-S-Video-Speaker Cables