Introduction to IEEE 802.11eA new access mechanism (called as HCF – Hybrid Coordination Function) has been defined with EDCA for contention based and HCCA for contention free access methods. Please recall that DCF is contention based while PCF is contention free access methods in 802.11 A few additional mechanisms have been added to improve channel utilization and efficiency. These are “Block Acknowledgement”, “Direct Link Setup”, “Automatic Power Save Delivery” among others. The 802.11 header has been modified to add a new field to classify the type of traffic. The TID (traffic ID) is used to select a UP (user priority) for prioritized QoS or a TSPEC (traffic specification) for parameterized QoS. TID values between 0 – 7 are considered user priorities and these are identical to the IEEE 802.1D priority tags. TID values between 8 – 16 refer to TSPECs. A TSPEC between an AP and an STA is negotiated by means of new management commands – ADDTS Request, ADDTS Response and DELTS. After a TSPEC is successfully negotiated, an STA can get a TXOP by one of two ways:
Wireless Media Extensions (WME)Wireless Media Extensions (WME), also referred to as WiFi Multimedia (WMM), is an industry driven initiative to ensure that a basic subset of IEEE 802.11e QoS mechanisms are interoperable. As such, WME supports only EDCA but not HCCA. Without HCCA, parametererized QoS can not be supported. As mentioned earlier, prioritized QoS identifies four traffic classes (or Access Categories) with differing priorities. The 8 user priorities of 802.1D map to these 4 ACs. Also, the Atheros code maps TOS fields in IP headers to these 4 ACs.
Atheros’ MAC uses the following parameters to set QoS priorities. The parameters CWmin, CWmax and AIFS together control the priority of the 4 ACs. The parameter TxOp lets the AP take control of the medium for an extended time so as to transmit data frames in quick succession and this is sometimes referred to as frame bursting.
| U-APSDUAPSD enables an STA to retrieve unicast QoS traffic buffered in the AP by sending trigger frames. During association/re-association, an STA indicates (in the QoS Info field) which Access Categories are UAPSD enabled. For non-UAPSD enabled ACs, an STA shall continue to use legacy mechanisms, namely PS-Polls, as a means to retrieve the legacy power-save buffered frames.WMM Power-Save AdvertisementThe UAPSD enabled AP advertises its capability by setting the UAPSD (bit 7) of the QoS Info field in either the WMM Information Element or the WMM Parameter Element. This capability is advertised in Beacons, Probe Responses and (Re)Association Responses.U-APSD enabled STA AssociationThe QoS Info field in the Association request from STA indicates which ACs shall use the UAPSD mechanism. It also specifies the maximum SP length which indicates the number of buffered frames the AP may send per service period. As WMM/WME does not support parametrized QoS, these parameters can only be negotiated during (re)association time.STA sets Power ManagementAn STA sets the PM bit in the frame control field to indicate that it is in power-save mode. The AP will then start to buffer frames of delivery enabled ACs in the UAPSD queue and non-delivery enabled ACs in legacy power-save queue. The AP will not buffer frames for an STA in Active mode, as indicated by a 0 in the PM bit.STA sends UAPSD TriggerAn STA in power-save mode can send a QoS NULL or QoS Data frame to trigger the AP to send buffered frames. The AP acknowledges the trigger and then follows it up with up to "maxSP" number of frames. The last frame transmitted in the SP will have the EOSP bit set. All transmitted frames will have MORE bit set with the exception of the last frame that has the EOSP set. The last frame will have the MORE bit set only if there are more buffered frames in the delivery enabled queue. If there are no buffered frames on the AP when the trigger is received, the AP will respond with a QoS NULL frame with EOSP set to end the current Service Period.QoS Commands for Atheros 802.11 based radiosAs of now, there is no support for parameterized QoS or HCCA for Atheros based radios. Accordingly, features of prioritized QoS are only described.Enable WMM: iwpriv ath0 wmm 1 Disable WMM: iwpriv ath0 wmm 0 Query WMM setting: iwpriv ath0 get_wmm Configuring and Querying EDCA Parameter Set Set CW¬¬min iwpriv ath0 cwminSimple Test to Verify QoS The ICMP application “ping” may be used to set TOS in IP headers and may be used to quickly verify QoS functionality. The following command can be issued to send the ICMP packets with appropriate TOS settings. ping –Q Thanks to : http://wifi-insider.com/wlan/wmm.htm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thursday, March 7, 2013
U-APSD or WWM-PS (802.11e)
Sunday, March 3, 2013
How to Design Solar PV System
What is solar PV system?
Solar photovoltaic system or Solar power system is one of renewable energy system which uses PV modules to convert sunlight into electricity. The electricity generated can be either stored or used directly, fed back into grid line or combined with one or more other electricity generators or more renewable energy source. Solar PV system is very reliable and clean source of electricity that can suit a wide range of applications such as residence, industry, agriculture, livestock, etc.
Major system components
Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according to your system type, site location and applications. The major components for solar PV system are solar charge controller, inverter, battery bank, auxiliary energy sources and loads (appliances).
• PV module – converts sunlight into DC electricity. • Solar charge controller – regulates the voltage and current coming from the PV panels going to battery and prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the battery life. • Inverter – converts DC output of PV panels or wind turbine into a clean AC current for AC appliances or fed back into grid line. • Battery – stores energy for supplying to electrical appliances when there is a demand. • Load – is electrical appliances that connected to solar PV system such as lights, radio, TV, computer, refrigerator, etc. • Auxiliary energy sources - is diesel generator or other renewable energy sources.
Solar PV system sizing
1. Determine power consumption demands
The first step in designing a solar PV system is to find out the total power and energy consumption of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV system as follows:
1.1 Calculate total Watt-hours per day for each appliance used.Add the Watt-hours needed for all appliances together to get the total Watt-hours per day which must be delivered to the appliances. 1.2 Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules. Multiply the total appliances Watt-hours per day times 1.3 (the energy lost in the system) to get the total Watt-hours per day which must be provided by the panels. 2. Size the PV modules
Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To find out the sizing of PV module, the total peak watt produced needs. The peak watt (Wp) produced depends on size of the PV module and climate of site location. We have to consider “panel generation factor” which is different in each site location. For Thailand, the panel generation factor is 3.43. To determine the sizing of PV modules, calculate as follows:
2.1 Calculate the total Watt-peak rating needed for PV modules
Divide the total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules (from item 1.2) by 3.43 to get the total Watt-peak rating needed for the PV panels needed to operate the appliances.
2.2 Calculate the number of PV panels for the system
Divide the answer obtained in item 2.1 by the rated output Watt-peak of the PV modules available to you. Increase any fractional part of result to the next highest full number and that will be the number of PV modules required.
Result of the calculation is the minimum number of PV panels. If more PV modules are installed, the system will perform better and battery life will be improved. If fewer PV modules are used, the system may not work at all during cloudy periods and battery life will be shortened.
3. Inverter sizing
An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The input rating of the inverter should never be lower than the total watt of appliances. The inverter must have the same nominal voltage as your battery.
For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the total amount of Watts you will be using at one time. The inverter size should be 25-30% bigger than total Watts of appliances. In case of appliance type is motor or compressor then inverter size should be minimum 3 times the capacity of those appliances and must be added to the inverter capacity to handle surge current during starting.
For grid tie systems or grid connected systems, the input rating of the inverter should be same as PV array rating to allow for safe and efficient operation.
4. Battery sizing
The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery. Deep cycle battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy level and rapid recharged or cycle charged and discharged day after day for years. The battery should be large enough to store sufficient energy to operate the appliances at night and cloudy days. To find out the size of battery, calculate as follows:
4.1 Calculate total Watt-hours per day used by appliances.4.2 Divide the total Watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss. 4.3 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.2 by 0.6 for depth of discharge. 4.4 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.3 by the nominal battery voltage. 4.5 Multiply the answer obtained in item 4.4 with days of autonomy (the number of days that you need the system to operate when there is no power produced by PV panels) to get the required Ampere-hour capacity of deep-cycle battery.
Battery Capacity (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances x Days of autonomy
5. Solar charge controller sizing(0.85 x 0.6 x nominal battery voltage)
The solar charge controller is typically rated against Amperage and Voltage capacities. Select the solar charge controller to match the voltage of PV array and batteries and then identify which type of solar charge controller is right for your application. Make sure that solar charge controller has enough capacity to handle the current from PV array.
For the series charge controller type, the sizing of controller depends on the total PV input current which is delivered to the controller and also depends on PV panel configuration (series or parallel configuration).
According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take the short circuit current (Isc) of the PV array, and multiply it by 1.3
Solar charge controller rating = Total short circuit current of PV array x 1.3
Remark: For MPPT charge controller sizing will be different. (See Basics of MPPT Charge Controller)
Example: A house has the following electrical appliance usage:
The system will be powered by 12 Vdc, 110 Wp PV module.
1. Determine power consumption demands
2. Size the PV panel
Actual requirement = 4 modules So this system should be powered by at least 4 modules of 110 Wp PV module.
3. Inverter sizing
Total Watt of all appliances = 18 + 60 + 75 = 153 W For safety, the inverter should be considered 25-30% bigger size. The inverter size should be about 190 W or greater.
4. Battery sizing
Total appliances use = (18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2 hours) + (75 W x 12 hours) Nominal battery voltage = 12 V Days of autonomy = 3 days
Battery capacity = [(18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2 hours) + (75 W x 12 hours)] x 3
(0.85 x 0.6 x 12) Total Ampere-hours required 535.29 Ah So the battery should be rated 12 V 600 Ah for 3 day autonomy.
5. Solar charge controller sizing
PV module specification Pm = 110 Wp Vm = 16.7 Vdc Im = 6.6 A Voc = 20.7 A Isc = 7.5 A Solar charge controller rating = (4 strings x 7.5 A) x 1.3 = 39 A So the solar charge controller should be rated 40 A at 12 V or greater.
-----------------------------------
First, you need to inventory all your loads:
laptop 60W 12 hours lamp CFL 20W 6 hours lamp CFL 20W 6 hours coffee maker 1400W 0.1hr internet modem 30W 24 hours Fridge 350W 6 hours Once you have a listing of your loads, you total the daily watt hours for each load: lamp CFL 20W 6 hours = 120wh tea pot 1400W 0.1hr = 140wh then you add all the watt hours up for the daily total = 1,220 wh [ or 1.22KWh ] Then you need the number of good sun hours in your area pvwatts.org lets use 5 as a average number. Double your consumption : 2440 and divide by sun hours 5 = 488W 488w is the amount of solar PV needed to run your loads for the caculated time. Then we can figure batteries later.
-----------------------------------
Thanks to :
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Saturday, February 9, 2013
Faraday cage
A Michael Ferry or Faraday shield is an enclosure formed by conducting material or by a mesh of such material. Such an enclosure blocks external static and non-static electric fields.
An external electrical field causes the charges to rearrange, which cancels the field inside.
Operation:
=========
A Faraday cage is best understood as an approximation to an ideal hollow conductor. Externally or internally applied electromagnetic fields produce forces on the charge carriers (usually electrons) within the conductor; the charges are redistributed accordingly (that is, electric currents are generated). Once the charges have rearranged so as to cancel the applied field inside, the currents stop.
If a charge is placed inside an ungrounded Faraday cage, the internal face of the cage becomes charged (in the same manner described for an external charge) to prevent the existence of a field inside the body of the cage. However, this charging of the inner face re-distributes the charges in the body of the cage. This charges the outer face of the cage with a charge equal in sign and magnitude to the one placed inside the cage. Since the internal charge and the inner face cancel each other out, the spread of charges on the outer face is not affected by the position of the internal charge inside the cage. So for all intents and purposes, the cage generates the same DCelectric field that it would generate if it were simply affected by the charge placed inside. The same is not true for electromagnetic waves.
If the cage is grounded, the excess charges will go to the ground instead of the outer face, so the inner face and the inner charge will cancel each other out and the rest of the cage will retain a neutral charge.
Effectiveness of shielding of a static electric field depends upon the geometry of the conductive material. In the case of a nonlinear varying electric field, and hence an accompanying varying magnetic field, the faster the variations are (i.e., the higher the frequencies), the better the material resists penetration, but on the other hand, the better it passes through a mesh of given size. In this case the shielding also depends on the electrical conductivity of the conductive materials used in the cages, as well as their thicknesses.
A microwave oven is an example of an inside out Faraday cA Faraday cage is best understood as an approximation to an ideal hollow conductor. Externally or internally applied electromagnetic fields produce forces on the charge carriers (usually electrons) within the conductor; the charges are redistributed accordingly (that is, electric currents are generated). Once the charges have rearranged so as to cancel the applied field inside, the currents stop.
If a charge is placed inside an ungrounded Faraday cage, the internal face of the cage becomes charged (in the same manner described for an external charge) to prevent the existence of a field inside the body of the cage. However, this charging of the inner face re-distributes the charges in the body of the cage. This charges the outer face of the cage with a charge equal in sign and magnitude to the one placed inside the cage. Since the internal charge and the inner face cancel each other out, the spread of charges on the outer face is not affected by the position of the internal charge inside the cage. So for all intents and purposes, the cage generates the same DC electric field that it would generate if it were simply affected by the charge placed inside. The same is not true for electromagnetic waves.
If the cage is grounded, the excess charges will go to the ground instead of the outer face, so the inner face and the inner charge will cancel each other out and the rest of the cage will retain a neutral charge.
Effectiveness of shielding of a static electric field depends upon the geometry of the conductive material. In the case of a nonlinear varying electric field, and hence an accompanying varying magnetic field, the faster the variations are (i.e., the higher the frequencies), the better the material resists penetration, but on the other hand, the better it passes through a mesh of given size. In this case the shielding also depends on the electrical conductivity of the conductive materials used in the cages, as well as their thicknesses.age, keeping the RF energy within the cage rather than keeping it out. [3] In an Indian movie Vishwaroopam, one of the female leads uses a microwave oven to prevent triggering of a dirty bomb using a mobile phone.
Examples:
A microwave oven is an example of an inside out Faraday cage, keeping the RF energy within the cage rather than keeping it out. [3] In an Indian movie Vishwaroopam, one of the female leads uses a microwave oven to prevent triggering of a dirty bomb using a mobile phone.
Thanks to:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_cage
Thursday, January 24, 2013
Tamil fonts not displaying correctly in ubuntu and Chrome Browser
google chrome not supported one of the old indian language tamil most of the tamil
users or not using chrome because of this problem.
so we find the solution for this,
for linux,
just delete two fonts from ur font directory then restart your chrome browser now
check the fonts.
reference,
sudo rm -f /usr/share/fonts/truetype/freefont/FreeSerif.ttf
sudo rm -f /usr/share/fonts/truetype/freefont/FreeSans.ttf
Thanks to:
http://computerhow.blogspot.in/2011/11/tamil-fonts-not-displaying-in-chrome.html
Wednesday, January 2, 2013
What is the difference between T5, T8 and T12 lamps?
Fluorescent lamps, or tubes as they are also known, are categorized according to their wattage, shape and diameter. The "T" in T5 indicates the bulb is tubular shaped, while the "5" denotes that it is five eighths of an inch in diameter. The other common lamps are the larger T8 and T12 tubes.
The T12 is an older generation fluorescent bulb that generates light through electromagnetic induction, which is considered less efficient method of creating light compared to that of newer electronic based circuits. Like the T5, the T8 tube creates light through advanced electronic circuits and are available in standard 2, 3, 4, and 5 foot lengths. However, what sets T5 fluorescent lights apart from T8 bulbs is their dramatic reduction in size. T5 lamps are 40% smaller than T8 fixtures, but are capable of containing just as much and sometimes more light in a smaller area. In other words, more T8 fixtures are needed to produced the same amount of light generated by significantly fewer high output T5 bulbs. Although the newest T5 lights generally cost more than T8 models, they are lower maintenance than other fluorescent bulbs. This combined with the T5 bulb's ability to provide more light (lumen) than the other bulbs means long-term cost savings on your commercial and residential projects.
The T12 is an older generation fluorescent bulb that generates light through electromagnetic induction, which is considered less efficient method of creating light compared to that of newer electronic based circuits. Like the T5, the T8 tube creates light through advanced electronic circuits and are available in standard 2, 3, 4, and 5 foot lengths. However, what sets T5 fluorescent lights apart from T8 bulbs is their dramatic reduction in size. T5 lamps are 40% smaller than T8 fixtures, but are capable of containing just as much and sometimes more light in a smaller area. In other words, more T8 fixtures are needed to produced the same amount of light generated by significantly fewer high output T5 bulbs. Although the newest T5 lights generally cost more than T8 models, they are lower maintenance than other fluorescent bulbs. This combined with the T5 bulb's ability to provide more light (lumen) than the other bulbs means long-term cost savings on your commercial and residential projects.
Thanks to:
Monday, December 31, 2012
About Ceiling Fan
You arrive home from work on a summer day, bolting inside to escape the heat. You flip the switch on your ceiling fan, plop down on the couch, and breathe a sigh of relief as the cool air rushes over your body.
Does this scenario sound familiar?
Most people understand the general concept behind ceiling fans, but have you ever thought about what really makes them tick? What about how to choose the best ceiling fan to fit your style as well as save you money?
Since Philip Diehl's invention of the first electricceiling fan in 1882, ceiling fans have evolved to become the most widely used and efficient cooling systems. Diehl eventually created smaller motors and added lighting kits to enhance his original invention. The style was a mix between a fan and a chandelier, called the Electrolier ceiling fan. The ceiling fan hasn't deviated much from the original idea, but the technology and style have progressed, creating the common household appliance that it is today.
So, whether you want to accent your room with a decorative fan, save money on your energy bill or make a room feel cooler or warmer (yes, you can warm yourself with a ceiling fan!), ceiling fans can do it all.
Choosing a Ceiling Fan
When selecting your ceiling fan, you first need to decide what room you want to install it in, whether indoors or outdoors. Choose rooms in your home that need more airflow, are considerably warmer throughout the year and are the most lived-in. The room will also impact the overall size of the fan you should buy as well as the accessories you'll need. For example, if you want to put your fan in a room with high ceilings, you might want to look for one that can hang from a downrod (a metal rod that will bring the fan lower to the ground), circulating the air more effectively in your living space. At right, you can see a chart showing you the appropriate downrod length in comparison to ceiling height.
Another thing to think about is the main function of your ceiling fan. Do you want to use it to make your room feel cooler or warmer, add extra lighting or just increase the ambience of your space? Depending on the desired function, you'll want to think about the number of blades, fan rotation and direction, speed settings and the types of accessories you'll need. The number of blades is purely aesthetic, but the rotation and direction of the fan can give you more efficient airflow depending on the slope of your ceiling. You can also add light kits, a downrod or even a remote control, which can be especially handy if you have high ceilings.
After choosing the room and function of your ceiling fan, the fun part begins: choosing the type of fan that fits the style and decor of the room. Find a fan that will fit your needs, represent you in your space and complement the overall style of your room.
All of these things will affect the price of your ceiling fan. Most ceiling fans cost between $50 and $150.
After you've chosen the fan that's perfect for you, you'll need to know a bit about installing it correctly. Read on to find out how.
Installing a Ceiling Fan
Although installing a ceiling fan will require that you work with electricalcomponents, you can safely and easily handle it, especially if you're replacing an old fixture (when the wiring is already there, you'll have a lot less work to do). Just follow these simple steps. You may want to grab a friend as well, since the installation process is much easier with help.
Note: Installation steps and procedures may vary depending on the type of fan you purchase. Always consult the instruction manual.
- Turn off the electricity that runs to the existing fixture.
- Unscrew the old fixture from the ceiling and disconnect the wires.
- Make sure the existing electrical box is connected to a ceiling rafter or other strong support. If you need a new electrical box, you can buy one specifically for ceiling fans.
- There are two different ways you can fasten the fan to the ceiling; you can mount it flush with the ceiling or hang the fan away from the ceiling using a downrod. Screw the preferred mounting device to the electrical box, making sure that it's fastened securely and that the wires are placed through the opening.
- Attach the colored house wires to the corresponding colored fan wires. Most fans come with a temporary hook that lets you hang the fan from the ceiling while you connect the wires. If your fan doesn't come with this hook, now is a great time to get the help of a friend or spouse.
- Attach the fan housing and motor to the mounting device using the screws provided.
- Turn the power back on and make sure that all of your connections are working properly. If everything seems to be working correctly, turn the power back off to finish the job.
- Secure the fan blades to the irons using the provided screws. Most fan blades are reversible, so make sure you attach the blades with the correct side showing.
- Attach the irons (with blades attached) to the fan.
- Turn the power back on to test that the fan is working properly.
Continue reading to find out what really happens when you turn your fan on.
Turning on a Ceiling Fan
As you've already seen, ceiling fans are made up of a few basic parts: the base plate, the motor (with housing) and blades. So how do the parts actually work together to provide the cooling sensation that people love?
When you turn on your fan, electricity runs through the electrical wiring to the fan's motor, which begins turning the blades. The rotation of the blades creates airflow throughout the room. You can change the settings on the fan to create an updraft (air moving upward) or a downdraft (air moving downward), depending on the type of airflow you want. (A downdraft is desirable in summer, while an updraft is helpful in winter. But we'll discuss that in more detail later.) If a fan is accessorized with a lighting kit, it will typically have two pull cords hanging from the decorative casing, one for the fan and one for the lighting. When you pull the cord to turn on the lights, the electricity will travel the same way through the fan to the light bulb itself. These fans may also have two separate wall switches for each function as well.
The cooling sensation that you feel when you stand under a fan is also quite interesting. It feels as if the room is becoming cooler, but in fact, it's your body that is cooling. The reason it feels cooler is because the downdraft of air is actually helping to evaporate the perspiration on the surface of your skin and pushing away the body heat that you expel. So, when your fan feels like a cool summer breeze, it actually is.
Saving Money with a Ceiling Fan
A ceiling fan can save you bundles of money on your energy bill since it uses less electricity than an air conditioner.
In default mode, fan blades turn and push air downward, creating a downdraft and making a room feel substantially cooler. However, some fans come with an option to switch the blade function to updraft. This function reverses the pathway of airflow, creating an updraft that mixes the cooler air from the lower portion of a room with the warmer air above. The mixed air is then pushed outward and back down the walls, which makes a room feel warmer. If you have high ceilings in your home, the updraft and downdraft function will be most useful to you, allowing you to circulate air that gets trapped at the ceiling through the rest of your room. The benefit of this is that you can raise or lower your thermostat a few degrees, depending on the time of year, without noticing a difference in temperature.
You'll also only want to use your fan when you're in the room. As discussed earlier, your ceiling fan doesn't actually make a room cooler. The cooling effect is felt on your body, not in the actual temperature of the room, so leaving your fan on in an empty room is a sure way to miss out on the energy saving aspects of having a fan.
Ceiling Fan Care
Dust can damage a ceiling fan's moving parts if the fan isn't cleaned regularly.
The easiest way to clean your fan is to simply use dusting spray and a cloth. The dust may fall onto the furniture, so you may want to put down a drop cloth or sheet before starting.
You should do this every week or two to ensure that your fan continues to work properly. Every few months, you can also unscrew the fan's lighting globes and wash them in soapy water.
Regularly check your ceiling fan to ensure that all screws and bolts are tight. Over time, these tend to loosen up and can cause the fan to wobble or make noises. Also, lubricate your fan once a year to make sure that all of the parts are well oiled and will work together smoothly.
You are right -- fans actually add heat to a room. One way to think about it is like this: If you have a perfectly insulated room and you put an electric fan in it, then the room will get warmer. All the electricity that is driving the fan turns directly into heat.
So a fan does not cool the room at all. What a fan does is create a wind chill effect.
When weatherpeople talk about wind chill on a cold winter day, what they are referring to is how the wind increases convective heat loss (see How Thermoses Work for details on convection). By blowing air around, the fan makes it easier for the air to evaporate sweat from your skin, which is how you eliminate body heat. The more evaporation, the cooler you feel.
Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection
Triamcinolone acetonide is known as a corticosteroid hormone (glucocorticoid). This medication is used in a variety of conditions such as allergic disorders, arthritis, blood diseases, breathing problems, certain cancers, eye diseases, intestinal disorders, collagen and skin diseases. It works by decreasing your body's immune response to these diseases and reduces symptoms such as swelling.
- Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection is indicated for alopecia areata; discoid lupus erythematosus; keloids; localized hypertrophic, infiltrated, inflammatory lesions of granuloma annulare, lichen planus, lichen simplex chronicus (neurodermatitis), and psoriatic plaques; necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. Triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension may also be useful in cystic tumors of an aponeurosis or tendon (ganglia).
- Product PackagingThis product is available in the following dosages:
Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection 40mg/1ml
Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection 80mg/2ml
Triamcinolone Acetonide Injections are available in the following packaging:
10 amps / tray, 1 / box;
or according to the customer's specifications. - TherapyAnti-inflammatory
- Active Ingredients
Triamcinolone Acetonide
Thursday, November 29, 2012
Google's - Test Anything Protocol
The Test Anything Protocol (TAP) is a protocol to allow communication between unit tests and a test harness. It allows individual tests (TAP producers) to communicate test results to the testing harness in a language-agnostic way. Originally developed for unit testing of the Perl interpreter in 1987, producers and parsers are now available for many development platforms.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]History
TAP was created for the first version of Perl (released in 1987), as part of the Perl's core test harness (t/TEST). The Test::Harness module was written by Tim Bunce and Andreas König to allow Perl module authors to take advantage of TAP.
Development of TAP, including standardization of the protocol, writing of test producers and consumers, and evangelizing the language is coordinated at the TestAnything website.[1]
[edit]Specification
Despite being about 20 years old and widely used, no formal specification exists for this protocol. The behavior of the Test::Harness module is the de facto TAP standard, along with a writeup of the specification on CPAN.[2]
A project to produce an IETF standard for TAP was initiated in August 2008, at YAPC::Europe 2008.[1]
[edit]Usage examples
TAP's general format is:
1..N
ok 1 Description # Directive
# Diagnostic
....
ok 47 Description
ok 48 Description
more tests....
For example, a test file's output might look like:
1..4
ok 1 - Input file opened
not ok 2 - First line of the input valid.
More output from test 2. There can be
arbitrary number of lines for any output
so long as there is at least some kind
of whitespace at beginning of line.
ok 3 - Read the rest of the file
#TAP meta information
not ok 4 - Summarized correctly # TODO Not written yet
[edit]
List of TAP Parsers
These are libraries which parse TAP and display the results.
- Test::Harness is the oldest and most complete TAP parser. It is limited in how it displays TAP. Though it most often runs tests written in Perl, it can launch any process which generates TAP. Most of the TAP spec is taken from the behavior of Test::Harness.
- The original Test::Harness has now been deprecated, the new Test::Harness provides a minimal compatibility layer with previous behavior, but any new development shouldn't use this module, rather the TAP::Harness module.
- The t/TEST parser contained in the Perl source code.
- Test::Harness is a new and more flexible parser being written by Curtis "Ovid" Poe, Andy Armstrong and other people. It is a wrapper around TAP::Parser.
- Test::Run is a fork of Test::Harness being written by Shlomi Fish.
- test-harness.php A TAP parser for PHP.
- nqpTAP A TAP parser written in NotQuitePerl (NQP), a smaller subset of the Perl 6 language.
- Tapir A TAP parser written in Parrot Intermediate Representation (PIR).
- tap4j A TAP implementation for Java.
[edit]List of TAP Producers
These are libraries for writing tests which output TAP.
- Test::More is the most popular testing module for Perl 5.
- Test::Most puts the most commonly used Perl 5 testing modules needed in one place. It is a superset of Test::More.
- PHPUnit is the xUnit implementation for PHP.
- test-more.php is a testing module for PHP based on Test::More.
- test-more-php implements Test::Simple & Test::More for PHP.
- libtap is a TAP producer written in C.
- libtap++ is a TAP producer for C++
- ArduinoTap is a TAP producer written in C++ for Arduino board.
- Test.Simple is a port of the Perl Test::Simple and Test::More modules to JavaScript by David Wheeler.
- PyTAP A beginning TAP implementation for Python.
- MyTAP MySQL unit test library used for writing TAP producers in C or C++
- Bacon A Ruby library that supports a spec-based syntax and that can produce TAP output
- PLUTO PL/SQL Unit Testing for Oracle
- pgTAP PostgreSQL stored procedures that emit TAP
- SnapTest A PHP unit testing framework with TAP v13 compliant output.
- etap is a simple erlang testing library that provides TAP compliant output.
- lua-TestMore is a port of the Perl Test::More framework to Lua.
- tap4j A TAP implementation for Java.
- lime A testing framework bundled with the Symfony PHP framework.
- yuitest A JavaScript testing library (standalone)
- Ahven An Ada unit testing library.
- Mocha A JavaScript testing library
[edit]References
- ^ a b "The Test Anything Protocol website". Retrieved 2008-09-04.
- ^ "TAP specification". CPAN. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
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