How to Easily make ‘NTFS’ Partitions read-only in Ubuntu

How to Easily make ‘NTFS’ Partitions read-only in Ubuntu 12.10?

October 24, 2012 by Gayan

The NTFS file system is a lot more complex than the FAT (16/32) file systems. Plus, Microsoft does not reveal all of its technical details (documents), thus, the GNU/Linux developers took their time while enabling the ‘write’ support for NTFS.

These days, almost all GNU/Linux distributions (including Ubuntu) use a lower level software tool called ‘ntfs-3g‘ (a Kernel module), as it is the most reliable one from the bunch (there are others too). I have been using it from the beginning (including the days where we had to install it manually) and over the years it has matured a lot too.
However, I still don’t feel comfortable using it, with read-write enabled, because once accessed my Windows 7 partitions with it, even in recent versions of Ubuntu (such as the 12.04) where it contains up-to-date ntfs-3g drivers, has been a bit troublesome for me.
For example, it has happened more than once that, when I save images into a NTFS partition in Ubuntu, I cannot open them later in Windows 7. And interestingly, under the file size it says ‘zero’, but if I boot back into Ubuntu, then I can view them without any issues whatsoever.

And one or two times (recently), when running the disk check tool, Windows 7 had to fix the file system and I lost some data in the process as well. So usually, as soon as I install Ubuntu, I manually set the NTFS access to read-only as a safety precaution.
There are many way that you can do this in Ubuntu, if you do not like to use the command-line and edit the ‘fstab’ file (a configuration file that holds various information about how to mount file systems in GNU/Linux), then you can use the ‘ntfs-config’ utility.
However, if you are using Ubuntu 12.10 Quantal Quetzal, then you can use a built in tool called ‘Disks’ for easily changing NTFS access permissions, without having to install a software utility manually.

If interested, then please follow the below procedure for that.
Step 1:
First, click on the ‘Dash’ icon and search for the following term.

disks

Then as shown below, click on its icon to open the program.

Step 2:
Once opened, on its main window, ‘Disks’ graphically shows you your current partition layout.

Now simply choose the NTFS partition that you want to change the permission of, then click on the small gears icon slightly below it, then from the menu choose: ‘Edit Mount Options…’

Step 3:
1. From the next window that you get, move the button to the left, under the option ‘Automatic Mount Options’, to get access to the settings.
2. Now, remove the check-mark under the option ‘Mount at startup’.

You can let it stay enabled too, but I prefer to let Nautilus (file manager) mount the NTFS partitions, after the desktop is loaded, to speed up the boot-up process.
3. Then, as shown in the below screenshot, you will see a field that says ‘nosuid,nodev,nofail,x-gvfs-show’.
Now all you have to do is, simply copy and paste the below code, and add (paste) it to the end of that text line (without a space).

,ro

Step 4:
Once done, click on the ‘OK’ button at the bottom, when asked enter your administrative password, and now you are done!.
If you have more than one NTFS partition, then follow the same steps for setting up the permission to each one individually.
Now try opening a NTFS partition in Nautilus (or any utility) and you will notice that you no longer can ‘Cut’ or ‘Delete’ files inside it, as it is mounted with read-only permissions.
How to disable it?
If later, you wanted to re-enable the read-write support, then simply remove that manually added ‘,ro’ code (or, you can also move that top button to the right side, until you see the option ‘ON), and save your changes. That’s it!.
Note: Please remember this works in Ubuntu 12.10 and later versions only.

Thanks to: https://www.hecticgeek.com/2012/10/make-ntfs-partitions-read-only-in-ubuntu/ 

Unable to mount Windows (NTFS) filesystem due to hibernation

Explanation: Why Linux can't open hibernated Windows partitions:

You are seeing this error because you hibernated Windows instead of turning it off the normal way (in newer versions of Windows, hibernate might be the default option).

• Hibernating saves the current state information to the hard disk and then powers down the computer.
• Shutting down the computer closes all programs and ends all running processes before powering down the computer.

When you turn off Windows by hibernating it, you are essentially pausing the system and saving all of that information (into a big file called hiberfil.sys) This way when you resume from hibernation all of your applications and files will be exactly how you left them. It also sets a flag in hiberfil.sys to let other Operating Systems know that Windows is hibernated.

Making changes to your Windows (ntfs) partition while it is hibernated could be dangerous--it could cause Windows to not resume from hibernation or to crash after resuming. Because of this, the tool (ntfs-3g) that mounts (opens) the partition will not mount it in read-write mode if it sees a hibernation flag. As such, Nautilus, the default file browser, will not be able to automatically open this partition--hence the error message that you see--because it is trying to open it in read-write mode.

Workaround for all versions of Windows:

There are three ways to mount a hibernated Windows partition:

1. Boot into Windows and power down the system by shutting it down completely. You may then boot back into Ubuntu and the partition will mount in read-write mode automatically when you open it in Nautilus. Note that the "Shut Down" option may not be the one displayed in your start menu by default. You may need to click the button next to it to see further options.
2. Manually mount the filesystem in read only mode.
   • Check to see if you have a mount point (folder for mounting your partition in) for your Windows partition in the folder /media using this command:
     ls /media
   • If you don't see a folder for your Windows partition, you should create one with the following command:
     sudo mkdir /media/windows
   • Next, mount the partition in read-only mode onto this folder with this command:
     mount -t ntfs-3g -o ro /dev/sda3 /media/windows
     Note that you should change /media/windows if your mountpoint is called something else.
   • Now you will be able to view/open files on your Windows partition using any program in Ubuntu. However you will not be able to write to the partition or modify any files as it is in read only mode.
3. If you need to mount the partition in read-write mode and are not able to or willing to boot into Windows and shut it down completely there is a third option. However, it is not included here because it completely deletes hiberfil.sys and will cause you to lose all unsaved information in the hibernated Windows programs. The following is a quotation from man ntfs-3g about the option that would be used to do this.

   remove_hiberfile
                 Unlike in case of  read-only  mount,  the  read-write  mount  is
                 denied  if  the  NTFS  volume is hibernated. One needs either to
                 resume Windows and shutdown it  properly,  or  use  this  option
                 which  will  remove  the  Windows hibernation file. Please note,
                 this means that the saved Windows  session  will  be  completely
                 lost. Use this option under your own responsibility.
   

Solution (only for Windows 8 and 10):

There is a new feature in Windows 8 called Fast Startup. If this feature is enabled (which it is by default), Windows 8 does not actually completely shutdown when you choose shutdown. Instead, it does a "hybrid shutdown". This is something like hibernating; it makes booting Windows 8 back up faster. So, you need to disable this feature to be able to shut it down properly, and be able to mount the Windows partitions. To do this, boot into your Windows 8 and:

Note: disabling Fast Startup will most likely make your Windows 8 take a longer time to boot. There are no "exact" numbers, but let's say that if it took you 10 seconds to boot into Windows 8, it will now take you 50 seconds after disabling this feature.

1. Open Control Panel in the small icons view and click on Power Options.
2. Click on Choose what the power buttons do.
3. Click on Change settings that are currently unavailable.
4. Uncheck Turn on fast startup (recommended).
_{Click on the numbers above to see screenshots.}

Click on Save changes. Now, shutdown Windows 8 and boot back into Ubuntu.

If you still aren't able to mount without getting errors, you may need to turn off hibernation completely. Open an elevated Command Prompt (right click on the shortcut, click on “Run as Administrator”), and input:

powercfg /h off

Thanks to: 

Wiki and http://askubuntu.com/questions/145902/unable-to-mount-windows-ntfs-filesystem-due-to-hibernation

Where’s my disk space going? in Windows machines

Where’s my disk space going?

It's not uncommon to run out of disk space. A free utility can help tell where your disk space is going so you can determine what steps to take.

//

Our disk drive is split into a C and a D drive which both have between 30 and 40GB on each. We only ever save on the D drive, but the C drive is up to about 31.9GB with 540MB left available! Apart from about 5GB of photos, I can’t understand what is taking up all the memory. The memory seems to continually go down and is now getting to a critical level. I have run spyware and adware checks and deleted all critical errors, but still not been able to free up any memory. I can’t even defrag as I need 20% free to run this option.

Disappearing disk space is a common scenario. Somehow, no matter how much we have, disk space never seems enough. As we collect pictures and programs (and programs themselves collect data), more disk space is consumed unless files are deleted. With so much happening on our computers these days, it’s almost impossible to simply and quickly realize exactly what’s taking up space.

Fortunately, there’s a free tool that I frequently recommend that can give us some very helpful data.

TreeSize Free

TreeSize Free is a free tool that will show you what’s taking up all of the space on your machine. (A paid version is available with additional features, but for what we’re doing, the free version will suffice.)

Download TreeSize Free from the JAM Software page and install it.1

On completion of the installation, you’re given the option to run it or run it as Administrator:

I recommend you run it as Administrator, so that TreeSize is able to access and return as much information about your hard disk usage as possible.

The TreeSize scan

As TreeSize scans your hard drive, it updates its display in real time.

Once the small blue progress bar disappears, the results are complete.

A typical machine

This is the result of running TreeSize on a basic Windows 7 installation:

The primary information here is a list of all of the top-level folders on the C: drive and the amount of disk space consumed by their contents. What’s most helpful is that it is sorted by decreasing disk space; the biggest consumers of space are at the top.

Not surprisingly, the “Windows” folder and everything it contains are consuming the most space. Right below that is “[5 files]” that represent the five files that aren’t in any folder at all, but live in the root of the C: drive.

Disk space is not memory

I keep hearing people confuse these terms and it’s important – particularly when asking for help – that the terms you use accurately reflect what it is you’re talking about. To over-simplify a little:

• Memory is the RAM (for Random Access Memory) where your programs and data reside when they are in use. When you turn your computer off, your memory is erased. To free up memory, you might just run fewer programs at the same time.
• Disk space is your hard drive where data is stored permanently or until you or a program explicitly erases it. To free up disk space, you delete files.

Another good difference to note is size. My laptop, for example, has eight gigabytes of memory, but 300 gigabytes of disk space. Disk space on a machine is almost always much greater than its memory.

Digging deeper

You can see the contents of the next level of folders down by clicking the small triangle to the left of the folder name. Here’s the Windows folder expanded:

You can see right away that the “winsxs” folder contains the most data of all the sub folders within C:\Windows. (This is normal, by the way.) You can also see the relative size of each of the other folders within Windows. If you wanted to drill down deeper, you could simply expand the subfolder.

We can look at those “[5 Files]” again simply by clicking on the triangle in front of the item:

Now, we can see that pagefile.sys – the system virtual memory and paging file – is taking up three gigabytes on this machine and that hiberfil.sys – the file used to implement hibernation – is taking up two.

In this case, that’s actually a discovery for me because this machine will never use hibernate. Disabling that feature allows me to delete hiberfil.sys and free up two gigabytes.

TreeSize on user files

It’s often very useful to use TreeSize to see what’s stored in your user account’s My Documents or similar folder. In Windows, that means looking at the contents of “C:\Users\.” In my case, that’s C:\Users\LeoN:

I have some of the sub-folders expanded here already and you can see that my Outlook.pst file is the largest file in my Documents folder.

Your machine

Now, as to what’s eating up the disk space on your machine, there’s no way for me to know. However, using a tool like TreeSize, you should be able to relatively quickly see what’s taking up all that space and take appropriate action.

Thanks to Wiki

and 

https://askleo.com/wheres_my_disk_space_going/

my-c-drive-in-windows-7-is-nearly-full-but-is-not-real

1down vote

See if you have shadow copies enabled. Restore points could be eating up the HD space. Open My Computer and right-click the C: drive. Select Properties. Go to the Previous Versions tab. Do you see a lot of restore points? If so, they can be removed, or disabled altogether. Open the Control Panel. Control Panel > System and Security > System Click System Protection in the left pane. Highlight Local Disk (C:)(System) and click Configure... From here you can press Delete to remove all the restore points and then reduce the Max Usageslider lower to something more reasonable. There is also the option to Turn off system protection if you really low on disk space. Thanks to : wiki and  http://superuser.com/questions/450284/my-c-drive-in-windows-7-is-nearly-full-but-is-not-real

Crude oil price - truth revealing in Indian oil price

Crude oil price - truth revealing in Indian oil price

Refineries can obtain from 42 US gallon barrels of crude oil the following fuels (among a total of 44 gallons of by-products):
- 20 gallons of gasoline (petrol)
- 7 gallons of diesel
So the conversion rate of crude oil to gasoline is 47.6%. To answer your question, 0.48 liter of gasoline is produced from 1 liter of crude oil



1 barrel of oil is known to be equal to 158.987295 liters.

One Barrel of Crude Oil makes almost 19 or 19.5 gallons of Gasoline, which when gets converted it makes 73.8 liters of petrol/gasoline

Crude oil price - 158.987295 litres  at  $38 (If one $ is Rs 66 then 38$ is Rs 2508)
For one litre crude oil - 2508 / 158.98 = Rs 16 (Real price of the crude oil in the world )

- 20 gallons of gasoline (petrol) - (20 * 3.785 = 75.7   litres)
- 7 gallons of diesel             - (7 * 3.785  = 26.495 litres )

Actual price petrol in India - one litre Rs 56
Actual price diesel in India - one litre Rs 40

75.7   * 66   =  Rs 4996
26.495 * 55 =  Rs 1457
Other produ =  Rs 1000
Total            =  Rs 7453.225

So for one litre crude oil price in india is Rs 7453.225/158.98litres = Rs 46.881  ( amlost 200% hike of the real world crude oil price)
We are living in a country which makes a fake hike of real product price.
The prices mentioned here is a approximate price, it may differ with actual dollar variations and crude oil price variations. but the my calculations are right.

 

towel

What is a towel made of?

A towel is a piece of absorbent fabric or paper used for drying or wiping. It draws moisture through direct contact, often using a blotting or a rubbing motion. Common household textile towels are made from cotton, rayon, bamboo, non-woven fibers, and a few other materials.

What is the best GSM for towels?

The quality of towels is determined by the GSM (grams per square metre). Poor quality towels have a GSM of between 200 - 300. Superior quality towels have a GSM of between 400 and 600. The more grams per square metre means that the towel are more absorbent and longer lasting.
 
What does GSM stand for in fabric?
We'll keep it simple.... it's the fabric weight. Grams per square Meter of Fabric. Different weights suit different climates and temperatures, Summer or Winter - here's a quick overview of the weights/GSM's we use and what seasons they are best suited to!
 
 
 
Thanks to :
 
Wikipedia

Regarding Food Search and its phenomenon

Seeing Complexity

Visualizing Complex Data

Sharks, the S&P 500, and lévy flights

Posted on 02/16/2011 by jacobalonso

2

I have a particular fondness for mathematical concepts that describe large sets of natural phenomenon (like the oft-cited logarithmic spiral, which shows up in Nautilus shells, spiral galaxies, low pressure weather systems, and of course Romanesco broccoli).  Something I came across while looking at the website of Paul Torrens for his work on empirical validation of agent-based behavioral models is this beautiful graphic:

This is an illustration of a Lévy flight, essentially a mathematical description of a cluster of random short moves connected by infrequent longer ones.  Lévy flights are described by a random walk, which is more or less any mathematical expression of a trajectory with successive random steps, distributed with a non-exponentially bounded probability distribution with theoretically infinite variance.  So what does that mean?  It is a description of motion.  Take as a contrast Brownian motion, which is modeled after random movement of particles in a fluid.

(Brownian motion)

A Lévy flight is instead a cluster of movements, some short and some long.  It was identified by the late Benoit Mandelbrot, as an outgrowth of chaos theory, and has been applied to everything from foraging patters of animals to earthquakes (no really. See here).

(Lévy flight)

Take an animal foraging for food.  A squirrely will stay within a small space in search of food, and then when it believes enough of the area has been searched, it will go in a random direction for a certain period, then begin foraging again.  Similarly, sharks follow random Brownian motion when they are searching for food; however, if they cannot find any, they exhibit Lévy flight behavior, mixing short random movements with long trajectories.  By the way, researchers discovered this by following a group of radio-tagged sharks for 5,700 days, collecting about 12 million movements (more here).

(Humphries et al. 2010)

Previously, researchers had believed that albatross also followed Levy flights, but it now seems that they follow a much simpler random walk (explanation).  Either way, it has been applied to pretty much anything you can image.  Seth Godin even sees Lévy flights in social networks.

Michael Bigger explicates the idea, speculating that during the Vioxx scandal with Merck, a journalist finds the story and writes about it, which

was big business news, and it stirred up emotions. Many people took a stance on both sides of the issues related to this event. Writing about Vioxx generated good readership and sold advertising. Eventually, readers got bored with the story and moved on. Our journalist had to find other news. The journalist’s path follows a Levy Flight as depicted in the image, from one random walk to a cluster, followed by the same process over and over again.

On a similar note, the Political Calculations blog finds Lévy flights in financial markets (take a look here).  Taking a look at long term S&P 500 dividends per share over a decade and a half, the authors argue that,

Since each data point represents approximately the same period of time, the number of trading days during a calendar month, we find that small movements predominate, which is consistent with the random walk behavior frequently observed in Brownian motion.

Below is the long-term graph:

However, in the short-term since the financial crisis in 2008, there have been small, ‘normal’ random walks interspersed with large movements.

Comparing Brownian and Levy flight motion side-by-side as the authors do, you can get a better understanding of what they are talking about:

What I find so interesting about Lévy flights is their widespread application as a stochastic model in so many areas.  I know that, at least for Brownian motion, the application is not necessarily meant to be exactly perfect, but rather, like a normal distribution, a general description of some behavior.  I’m sure it can be applied in situations of micro-level crowd behavior, a la Paul Torrens.  That would be something I would like to see—or has it been done already?  Let me know.
Humphries, N., Queiroz, N., Dyer, J., Pade, N., Musyl, M., Schaefer, K., Fuller, D., Brunnschweiler, J., Doyle, T., Houghton, J., Hays, G., Jones, C., Noble, L., Wearmouth, V., Southall, E., & Sims, D. 2010. Environmental context explains Lévy and Brownian movement patterns of marine predators. Nature DOI:10.1038/nature09116

Thanks to:
https://seeingcomplexity.wordpress.com/2011/02/16/sharks-the-sp-500-and-levy-flights/